bitcoin-l2-statechains
Statechains: off-chain UTXO ownership transfer via Statechain Operator (SO) signing. Mercury Layer (CommerceBlock) is the main implementation. 1-of-N security model. USE WHEN: evaluating off-chain UTXO transfer, comparing with Spark/ Ark, designing 1-of-N security models.
What this skill does
# Statechains A statechain transfers ownership of a UTXO **off-chain** without moving funds on chain. Each transfer is signed by the current owner + a Statechain Operator (SO). Original concept: Ruben Somsen, 2018. Production impl: **Mercury Layer** by CommerceBlock. ## Mechanism A statechain UTXO is locked in 2-of-2 multisig with: - The current owner. - The Statechain Operator. To transfer: 1. Owner A reveals their key share to recipient B. 2. SO signs a new transfer message: "this UTXO now belongs to B". 3. SO publishes signed proof. 4. B confirms receipt; SO can no longer sign for A. Result: UTXO ownership has moved from A to B without on-chain tx. ## Security model - **Trust the SO not to collude with prior owners**. - Worst case: SO + A collude to spend the UTXO, defrauding B. - Mitigation: SO publishes a "proof of statechain" log; if detected, slashing / reputation loss. ## Mercury Layer CommerceBlock's implementation: - Open source (MIT). - SO runs a server, users a client. - Atomic swaps between statechains supported. - Liquidity offered for trading without on-chain settlement. ## Compared to Spark / Ark | Aspect | Statechains | Spark | Ark | |--------|-------------|-------|-----| | Operator type | Single (or 1-of-n) | FROST k-of-n threshold | k-of-n cosigners + ASP | | Key sharing | Per transfer | Aggregate via FROST | VTXO-based | | On-chain unilateral exit | yes | yes (via leaves) | yes (after CSV) | | Status | Live (Mercury) | Live beta (Spark) | Live (ARKADE) | Spark and Ark are statechain-derived but with stronger security (threshold operators, no single point of failure for SO). ## Use cases - **Off-chain instant settlement** between participants. - **Atomic swaps** across statechains (e.g., BTC ↔ LBTC). - **DEX-like UTXO trading**. ## Limitations - 1-of-N trust on SO. - Single SO availability = single point of failure. - Not as scalable as Lightning for high-frequency micropayments. ## See also - [spark/SKILL.md](../spark/SKILL.md) - [ark/SKILL.md](../ark/SKILL.md) - [../../cryptography/musig2/SKILL.md](../../cryptography/musig2/SKILL.md)
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