security-headers-configuration
Configures HTTP security headers to protect against XSS, clickjacking, and MIME sniffing attacks. Use when hardening web applications, passing security audits, or implementing Content Security Policy.
What this skill does
# Security Headers Configuration
Implement HTTP security headers to defend against common browser-based attacks.
## Essential Headers
| Header | Purpose | Value |
|--------|---------|-------|
| HSTS | Force HTTPS | `max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains` |
| CSP | Restrict resources | `default-src 'self'` |
| X-Frame-Options | Prevent clickjacking | `DENY` |
| X-Content-Type-Options | Prevent MIME sniffing | `nosniff` |
## Express Implementation
```javascript
const helmet = require('helmet');
app.use(helmet());
// Custom CSP
app.use(helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
directives: {
defaultSrc: ["'self'"],
scriptSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"],
styleSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"],
imgSrc: ["'self'", "data:", "https:"],
connectSrc: ["'self'", "https://api.example.com"],
fontSrc: ["'self'", "https://fonts.gstatic.com"],
frameAncestors: ["'none'"]
}
}));
```
## Nginx Configuration
```nginx
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=()" always;
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'" always;
```
## Verification Tools
- [Security Headers](https://securityheaders.com/)
- [Mozilla Observatory](https://observatory.mozilla.org/)
- [CSP Evaluator](https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/)
## Security Headers Checklist
- [ ] HSTS enabled with long max-age
- [ ] CSP configured and tested
- [ ] X-Frame-Options set to DENY
- [ ] X-Content-Type-Options set to nosniff
- [ ] Referrer-Policy configured
- [ ] Permissions-Policy disables unused features
## Additional Implementations
See [references/python-apache.md](references/python-apache.md) for:
- Python Flask security headers middleware
- Flask-Talisman library configuration
- Apache .htaccess configuration
- Header testing script
## Common Mistakes
- Setting CSP to report-only permanently
- Using overly permissive policies
- Forgetting to test after changes
- Not including all subdomains in HSTS
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